Biased or discriminatory outputs and decisions

• Abercrombie2024A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms58.05.07 58.06.01 58.06.03 58.06.06 58.06.09 58.06.10
• AIVerify2023Summary Report: Binary Classification Model for Credit Risk26.07.00
• Critch2023TASRA: a Taxonomy and Analysis of Societal-Scale Risks from AI01.04.00
• Cui2024Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems02.01.01
• G'sell2024Regulating under Uncertainty: Governance Options for Generative AI47.01.01 47.02.08 47.02.09
• Giarmoleo2024What Ethics Can Say on Artificial Intelligence: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review37.01.01
• Gipiškis2024Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems62.04.01 62.10.01 62.16.04 62.18.04 62.31.06
• GOS2023Future Risks of Frontier AI56.01.00 56.02.00 56.10.00
• Habbal2024Artificial Intelligence Trust, Risk and Security Management (AI TRiSM): Frameworks, Applications, Challenges and Future Research Directions29.01.01
• Hammond2025Multi-Agent Risks from Advanced AI63.06.02
• Hogenhout2021A framework for ethical Ai at the United Nations06.01.00 06.03.00 06.04.00
• IBM2025IBM202565.19.02
• Kumar2023Ethical Issues in the Development of Artificial Intelligence: Recognizing the Risks38.02.00
• Li2025A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents66.08.04 66.10.01 66.10.02
• Liu2024Trustworthy LLMs: A Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models’ Alignment30.03.01 30.03.03 30.07.03
• Meek2016Managing the ethical and risk implications of rapid advances in artificial intelligence: A literature review09.02.01
• Paes2023Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence and Mitigation Recommendations: An Exploratory Study10.01.00 10.07.00
• Perlo2025Embodied AI: Emerging Risks and Opportunities for Policy Action70.04.01
• Saghiri2022A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Challenges: Analyzing the Definitions, Relationships, and Evolutions39.03.00 39.08.00
• Schnitzer2024AI Hazard Management: A Framework for the Systematic Management of Root Causes for AI Risks59.09.00 59.26.02
• Shelby2023Sociotechnical Harms of Algorithmic Systems: Scoping a Taxonomy for Harm Reduction11.02.00 11.02.01 11.02.02
• Sherman2023AI Risk Profiles: A Standards Proposal for Pre-Deployment AI Risk Disclosures12.05.00
• Stanley2024Emerging Risks and Mitigations for Public Chatbots: LILAC v169.06.02 69.07.00
• Steimers2022Sources of Risk of AI Systems14.01.00
• Sun2023Safety Assessment of Chinese Large Language Models27.01.02 27.01.04
• TC2602024AI Safety Governance Framework45.01.02 45.01.09 45.02.11
• Teixeira2022An Exploratory Diagnosis of Artificial Intelligence Risks for a Responsible Governance42.05.00 42.14.00
• Uuk2025A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI61.01.03 61.02.29
• Weidinger2021Ethical and social risks of harm from language models17.01.00 17.01.02
• Weidinger2022Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models16.01.02 16.01.03
• Wirtz2020The Dark Sides of Artificial Intelligence: An Integrated AI Governance Framework for Public Administration20.02.04 20.03.02
• Wirtz2022Governance of artificial intelligence: A risk and guideline-based integrative framework19.01.03 19.05.00 19.05.02
• Zeng2024AI Risk Categorization Decoded (AIR 2024): From Government Regulations to Corporate Policies50.01.04 50.04.02 50.04.03
• Zhang2023SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of Large Language Models with Multiple Choice Questions28.02.00

Ev IDs of the entries consolidated into this risk in the MIT AI Risk Repository (V4); the source sheet row appears on hover.