Hallucination and fabricated output

• Abercrombie2024A Collaborative, Human-Centred Taxonomy of AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Harms58.07.06 58.07.07
• Anwar2024Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models73.04.03
• Bengio2024International Scientific Report on the Safety of Advanced AI49.02.01
• Clarke2023A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI: How AI Could Lead to Long-term Changes in Science, Cooperation, Power, Epistemics and Values55.04.02
• Cui2024Risk Taxonomy, Mitigation, and Assessment Benchmarks of Large Language Model Systems02.02.00 02.02.01 02.02.02 02.09.00 02.09.01 02.09.02 02.09.03
• Cunha2023Navigating the Landscape of AI Ethics and Responsibility03.02.00
• Deng2023Towards Safer Generative Language Models: A Survey on Safety Risks, Evaluations, and Improvements04.05.00
• EPIC2023Generating Harms - Generative AI's impact and paths forwards31.01.03
• Ferrara2023GenAI against humanity: nefarious applications of generative artificial intelligence and large language models46.03.00
• G'sell2024Regulating under Uncertainty: Governance Options for Generative AI47.01.00 47.01.04 47.02.11
• Gabriel2024The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants24.07.01 24.11.04 24.11.05 24.11.06
• Gipiškis2024Risk Sources and Risk Management Measures in Support of Standards for General-Purpose AI Systems62.19.09 62.23.01
• IBM2025AI Risk Atlas65.07.02 65.18.01
• InfoComm2023Cataloguing LLM Evaluations43.02.12
• Ji2023AI Alignment: A Comprehensive Survey34.01.04 34.03.02
• Li2025A Closer Look at the Existing Risks of Generative AI: Mapping the Who, What, and How of Real-World Incidents66.03.00 66.03.01 66.03.03 66.04.04 66.09.06
• Liu2024Trustworthy LLMs: A Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models’ Alignment30.01.00 30.01.01 30.01.02 30.07.02
• Marchal2024Generative AI Misuse: A Taxonomy of Tactics and Insights from Real-World Data64.02.01
• Nah2023Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, Challenges, and AI-Human Collaboration33.02.00 33.02.01 33.02.02
• NIST2024Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile48.02.00
• Stanley2024Emerging Risks and Mitigations for Public Chatbots: LILAC v169.01.00 69.01.01 69.01.02 69.01.03
• TC2602024AI Safety Governance Framework45.01.05 45.02.02 45.02.06
• Tse2025Frontier AI Risk Management Framework (v1.0)72.05.07
• Uuk2025A Taxonomy of Systemic Risks from General-Purpose AI61.02.15 61.02.31
• Wang2025A Survey on Responsible LLMs: Inherent Risk, Malicious Use, and Mitigation Strategy74.01.06
• Weidinger2021Ethical and social risks of harm from language models17.03.00 17.03.01 17.03.02 17.03.03 17.05.01
• Weidinger2022Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models16.03.01
• Weidinger2023Sociotechnical Safety Evaluation of Generative AI Systems18.02.00 18.02.01 18.02.02 18.02.03

Ev IDs of the entries consolidated into this risk in the MIT AI Risk Repository (V4); the source sheet row appears on hover.